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In engineering practice, a large-diameter shield tunnel frequently extends through the layered ground (Zhao et al. 2007). The behavior of large-diameter tunnels is more complex in the multi-layered ground, but many designs are still constructed assuming that the soil is uniform.
Key parameters: - The behavior of tunnels in multi-layered strata, stemming from varying physical and mechanical properties across layers, significantly influences the performance of tunnels, contingent upon ground layer properties, thickness, and.
- The linings undergo complex external loadings, leading to non-uniform and nonlinear internal forces, and large tunnels induce significant ground and structural responses in the form of displacements and stresses.
Non-uniform distribution design: - Around the soil layer interfaces, joint placement can be optimized to reduce internal forces induced in the lining. It can be highlighted as a potential solution for improving the design of segmental linings in layered strata.
- The optimal distribution of joints in a layered ground is affected by the rotational stiffness of the joints. As the rotational stiffness decreases, the optimum joint location shifts toward the soft soil layer.
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